III. International rules of Botanical Nomenclature.
———
Chapter I. General considerations and leading principles.
Art. 1.
Natural history can make no progress
without a regular system of
nomenclature,
which is recognized and used by the great majority of
naturalists in
all countries.
Art. 2.
The prescriptions which govern the exact system
of botanical nomen‐
clature are divided into
principles,
rules and
recommendations.
The principles
(art.
1–9,
10–14 and
15–18)
are the foundation of the rules and recommendations.
The rules
(art. 10–58),
destined to put in order the nomenclature which the past has
bequeathed to us, and to form the basis for the future,
are always retroactive: names
or forms of nomenclature
which are contrary to a rule cannot be maintained.
Recom-
mendations bear on secondary points,
their object being to ensure for the future a
greater uniformity
and clearness in nomenclature: names or forms of nomenclature
contrary to a recommendation are not a model to copy,
but cannot be rejected.
Art. 3.
The rules of nomenclature should neither be arbitrary
nor imposed
by authority. They must be simple and
founded on considerations clear and forcible
enough
for everyone to comprehend and be disposed to accept.
Art. 4.
The essential points in nomenclature are:
1. to aim at fixity of
names;
2. to avoid or to reject the use of forms and names which may
cause error
or ambiguity or throw science into confusion.
Next in importance is the avoidance of all useless creation of names.
Other considerations,
such as absolute grammatical correctness,
regularity or
euphony of names,
more or less prevailing custom, respect for persons, etc.,
notwith-
standing their undeniable importance
are relatively accessory.
Art. 5.
No custom contrary to rule can be upheld
if it leads to confusion
or error.
When a custom offers no serious inconvenience of this kind,
it may be a
ground for exceptions which we must
however abstain from extending or copying.
Finally in the absence of rule,
or where the consequences of rules are doubtful,
established custom becomes law.
Art. 6.
The principles and forms of nomenclature
should be as similar as
possible in botany and in zoology;
but botanical nomenclature is entirely independent
of zoological nomenclature.
Art. 7.
Scientific names are in latin for all groups.
When taken from
another language, a latin termination
is given them, except in cases sanctioned by
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custom.
If translated into a modern language, it is desirable
that they should pre-
serve as great a resemblance
as possible to the original latin names.
Art. 8.
Nomenclature comprises two categories of names:
1. Names, or
rather terms, which express
the nature of the groups comprehended one within the
other.
2. Names peculiar to each of the groups of plants
that observation has
made known.
Art. 9.
The rules and recommendations of botanical nomenclature
apply to
all classes of the plant kingdom,
recent and
fossil, with exceptions
which are
expressly
specified.
Chapter II. On the manner of designating the nature and the subordination
of the groups which constitute the plant kingdom.
Art. 10.
Every individual plant belongs to a species
(species), every species
to a genus
(genus), every genus to a family
(familia) every family to an order
(ordo),
every order to a class
(classis), every class to a division
(divisio).
Art. 11.
In many species we distinguish varieties
(varietas) and forms
(forma),
in the case of parasites
special forms
(forma specialis);
and in some cultivated
species, modifications
still more numerous; in many genera sections
(sectio), in many
families tribes
(tribus).
Art. 12.
Finally if circumstances require us
to distinguish a greater number
of intermediate groups,
it is easy, by putting the syllable
sub before the name of a
group,
to form subdivisions of that group. In this way subfamily
(subfamilia) de-
signates
a group between a family and a tribe, subtribe
(subtribus) a group between
a tribe and a genus, etc.
The arrangement of subordinate groups may thus be
carried,
for wild plants only, to twenty-two degrees,
in the following order:
Regnum
vegetabile.
Divisio.
Subdivisio.
Classis.
Subclassis.
Ordo.
Subordo.
Familia.
Sub-
familia.
Tribus.
Subtribus.
Genus.
Subgenus.
Sectio.
Subsectio.
Species.
Sub-
species.
Varietas.
Subvarietas.
Forma.
Forma specialis.
Individuum.
If this list of groups is insufficient
it can be augmented by the intercalation
of supplementary groups,
so long as these do not introduce confusion or error.
Example:
Series and
Subseries are groups which can be intercalated
between subsection
and species.
Art. 13.
The definition of each of these names of groups varies,
up to a
certain point, according to individual opinion
and the state of the science, but their
relative order,
sanctioned by custom must not be altered. No classification
is ad-
missible which contains such alterations.
Examples of
inadmissible alterations are,
–
a form divided into varieties,
a species containing
genera,
a genus containing families or tribes.
Art. 14.
The fertilization of one species by another gives rise to a hybrid
(hybrida);
that of a modification or subdivision of a species
by another modification
of the same species
gives rise to a half-breed
(mistus,
mule of florists).
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Recommendations.
I.
The arrangement of species in a genus or
in a subdivision of a genus is made by means
of typographic signs, letters or numerals.
Hybrids are arranged after one of the parent species,
with
the sign × placed before the generic name.
The arrangement of subspecies under a species
is made by letters or numerals; that of
varieties
by the series of greek letters
α,
β,
γ, etc.
Groups below varieties and also half-breeds are
indicated
by letters, numerals or typographic signs at the author’s will.
Modifications of cultivated plants should be associated,
as far as possible, with the species
from which they are derived.
I bis.
In the case of parasites, especially parasitic fungi,
authors who do not give specific
value to forms
characterized from a biological standpoint but scarcely
or not at all from a morpho-
logical standpoint,
should distinguish within the species special forms
(forma specialis,
f. sp.) charac-
terized
by their adaptation to different hosts.
Chapter III. On the manner of designating each group
or association of plants.
Section 1. General principles; priority.
Art. 15. Each natural group of plants can bear in science only one valid
designation, namely the oldest,
provided that it is in conformity with the rules of
nomenclature and the conditions
laid down in articles
19 and
20
of section 2.
Art. 16.
The designation of a group by one or several names
is not for
the purpose of describing the characters or
the history of the group, but that we
may be understood
when we wish to speak of it.
Art. 17.
No one should change a name or a combination of names without
serious motives, based on a more profound knowledge of facts,
or on the necessity
of giving up a nomenclature
that is contrary to rules.
Art. 18.
The form, number and arrangement of names depend on the nature
of each group, according to the following rules.
Section 2. Point of departure for nomenclature; limitation of principle of priority.
Art. 19.
Botanical nomenclature begins for
the different groups of plants
(recent and fossil)
at the following dates¹).
a)
Phanerogamae and Pteridophyta,
1753 (Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum,
ed. 1).
b) Muscineae, 1801 (Hedwig, Species Muscorum).
c) Sphagnaceae and Hepaticae, 1753 (Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 1).
d) Lichenes, 1753 (Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 1).
e)
Fungi: Uredinales, Ustilaginales and Gasteromycetes, 1801
(Persoon,
Synopsis
methodica Fungorum).
f) Fungi caeteri, 1821–32 (Fries, Systema mycologicum).
––––––––––––
1)
The starting points of the nomenclature of the following groups
are reserved for
the consideration of the Congress at London, 1915.
Schizomycetes (Bacteria), Schizophyceae (excl.
Nostocaceae),
Flagellatae (incl. Dinoflagellatae), Bacillariaceae (Diatomaceae).
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g)
Algae,
1753 (Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum, ed. 1).
Exceptions: Nosto-
caceae homocysteae, 1891–93 (Gomont,
Nostocaceae homocysteae);
Nostocaceae hetero-
cysteae, 1886 (Bornet et Flahault,
Nostocaceae heterocysteae); Desmidiaceae, 1848
(Ralfs,
British Desmidiaceae); Oedogoniaceae, 1900 (Hirn,
Monographie und Ikono-
graphie der Oedogoniaceen).
It is agreed to associate genera,
the names of which appear in
Linnaeus’s
Species Plantarum,
ed. 1,
with the descriptions given
of them in the
Genera
Plantarum, ed. 5 (1754).
Art. 20.
However, to avoid disadvantageous changes in the nomenclature
of genera by the strict application of the rules of
nomenclature, and especially
of the
principle of priority in starting from
the dates given in art. 19,
the rules provide a
list of names
which must be retained in all cases.
These names are by preference
those which have come
into general use in the fifty years following their publication,
or which have been used in monographs and important floristic works up to the
year 1890.
For the guidance of palaeobotanists
a double list is provided:
1º a list of
generic names
of recent plants, duly published
and generally admitted, which coincide
with older generic names in palaeobotany;
2° a list of generic names of fossil plants,
duly published and generally admitted,
which coincide with older homonyms
of recent
plants
which have lapsed into synonymy,
in order to prevent the latter
being used
again. The lists form an appendix to the rules of
nomenclature¹).
Section 3. Nomenclature of the different kinds of groups.
§ 1. Names of groups above the family.
Recommendations.
The following suggestions as to the nomenclature
of groups of higher
rank than the family
will tend to clearness and uniformity.
II.
Names of divisions and subdivisions, of classes
and subclasses are taken from one of
their chief characters.
They are expressed by words of greek or latin origin,
some similarity of
form and termination being given to those
which designate groups
of the same nature.
Examples:
Angiospermae, Gymnospermae; Monocotyledoneae; Dicotyledoneae; Pteridophyta;
Coniferae.
Among Cryptogams old family names such as
Fungi,
Lichenes,
Algae, may be used for
names of groups
above the rank of family.
III.
Orders are designated preferably by the name
of one of their principal families, with
the ending
-ales.
Suborders are designated in a similar manner, with the ending
-ineae.
But other
terminations may be retained for these names,
provided that they do not lead to confusion or error.
Examples of
names of orders:
Polygonales (from
Polygonaceae),
Urticales (from
Urticaceae),
Glumiflorae,
Centrospermae,
Parietales,
Tubiflorae,
Microspermae,
Contortae.
Examples of names of
suborders:
Bromeliineae (from
Bromeliaceae),
Malvineae (from
Malvaceae),
Tricoccae,
Enantioblastae.
§ 2. Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes.
Art. 21.
Families
(familiae) are designated by the name of one of their
genera or ancient generic names with the ending
-aceae.
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1) The elaboration of this double list has been reserved for the Congress of 1915.
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Examples:
Rosaceae (from
Rosa),
Salicaceae (from
Salix),
Caryophyllaceae (from
Dianthus
Caryophyllus), etc.
Art. 22.
The following names, owing to long usage, are an exception to the
rule:
Palmae, Gramineae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Guttiferae, Umbelliferae,
Labiatae, Compositae.
Art. 23.
Names of subfamilies
(subfamiliae) are taken from the name of
one
of the genera in the group, with the ending
-oideae. The same holds for the tribes
(tribus) with the ending
-eae, and for the subtribes
(subtribus) with the ending
-inae.
Examples of
subfamilies :
Asphodeloideae (from
Asphodelus),
Rumicoideae (from
Rumex);
tribes:
Asclepiadeae (from
Asclepias),
Phyllantheae (from
Phyllanthus); subtribes:
Metastelmatinae (from
Metastelma),
Madiinae (from
Madia).
§ 3. Names of genera and divisions of genera.
Art. 24.
Genera receive names, substantives
(or adjectives used as substan-
tives)
in the singular number and written with a capital letter,
which may be com-
pared with our own family names.
These names may be taken from any source
whatever and
may even be composed in an absolutely arbitrary manner.
Examples: Rosa, Convolvulus, Hedysarum, Bartramia, Liquidambar, Gloriosa, Impatiens, Manihot.
Art. 25.
Subgenera and sections also receive names,
usually substantives and
resembling the names of genera.
Names of subsections and other lower subdivisions
of genera
are preferably adjectives in the plural number and
written with a capital
letter,
or their place may be taken by an ordinal number or a letter.
Examples.
–
Substantives:
Fraxinaster,
Trifoliastrum,
Adenoscilla,
Euhermannia,
Archie-
racium,
Micromelilotus,
Pseudinga,
Heterodraba,
Gymnocimum,
Neoplantago,
Stachyotypus. Adjectives:
Pleiostylae,
Fimbriati,
Bibracteolata,
Pachycladae.
Recommendations.
IV.
When the name of a genus,
subgenus or section is taken from the name of a person,
it is formed in the following manner:
a)
When the name ends in a vowel, the letter
a is added (for example
Bouteloua after
Boutelou;
Ottoa after Otto;
Sloanea after Sloane),
except when the name already ends in
a, in which
case
ea is added (e. g.
Collaea after Colla).
b)
When the name ends in a consonant, the letters
ia are added (thus
Magnusia after
Magnus;
Ramondia after Ramond), except when the name ends in
er, in which case
a is added
(e. g.
Kernera after Kerner).
c)
The spelling of the syllables unaffected
by these finals is retained, even with the
consonants
k and
w or with groupings of vowels
which were not used in classic latin.
Letters
which are unknown to botanical latin
must be transcribed, diacritic signs are suppressed.
The german
ä, ö, ü become ae, oe, ue,
the French é, è and ê become generally e.
d)
Names may be accompanied by a prefix, or a suffix,
or modified by anagram or
abbreviation.
In these cases they count as different words from the original name.
E. g.
Durvillea
and
Urvillea,
Lapeyrousea and
Peyrousea,
Englera,
Englerastrum and
Englerella,
Bouchea and
Ubochea,
Gerardia and
Graderia,
Martia and
Martiusia.
V.
Botanists who are publishing generic names show judgement and
taste by attending
to the following recommendations:
a) Not to make names very long or difficult to pronounce.
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b)
Not to use again a name which has already been used
and has lapsed into synonymy
(homonym).
c)
Not to dedicate genera to persons who are in all respects strangers
to botany, or at
least to natural science, nor to persons quite unknown.
d)
Not to take names from barbarous tongues, unless those names are
frequently quoted
in books of travel, and have an agreeable form that is
readily adapted to the latin tongue and to
the tongues of civilized countries.
e)
To recall, if possible, by the formation or ending of the name,
the affinities or the
analogies of the genus.
f) To avoid adjectives used as nouns.
g)
Not to give a genus a name whose form
is rather that of a subgenus or section (e. g.
Eusideroxylon, a name given to a genus of Lauraceae,
which, however, being valid, cannot be changed).
h) Not to make names by the combination of two languages (nomina hybrida).
VI.
Botanists constructing names for subgenera or sections,
will do well to attend to the
preceding recommendations and
also to the following:
a)
Give, where possible, to the principal division of a genus,
a name which, by some modi-
fication or addition,
calls the genus to mind (for instance,
Eu placed at the beginning of the name,
when it is of greek origin,
-astrum,
-ella at the end of the name, when latin, or any other modi-
fication
consistent with the grammar and usages of the latin language).
b)
Avoid calling a subgenus or a section by the name of
the genus to which it belongs,
with the final
-oides or
-opsis: on the contrary reserve this ending for a section which resembles
another genus, by adding in that case
-oides or
-opsis to the name of that other genus,
if it is of
greek origin, to form the name of the section.
c)
Avoid taking as the name of a subgenus or section
a name which is already in use as
such in another genus, or which is
the name of an admitted genus.
VII.
When it is required to express a subgeneric or sectional name
together with the
name of the genus and the name of the species, the
name of the section is put between the others
in a parenthesis.
E.g.
Astragalus (Cycloglottis) contortuplicatus.
§ 4. Names of species and of subdivisions of species.
Art. 26.
All species, even those that singly constitute a genus,
are designated
by the name of the genus to which they belong
followed by a name (or epithet)
termed specific,
usually of the nature of an adjective (forming a combination
of two
names, a binomial, or binary name).
Examples:
Dianthus monspessulanus,
Papaver Rhoeas,
Fumaria Gussonei,
Uromyces Fabae,
Geranium Robertianum,
Embelia Sarasinorum,
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris.
Linnaeus has sometimes
introduced symbols in specific names,
these must according to art. 26 be transcribed. Ex.:
Scandix
Pecten-Veneris (= Scandix Pecten ♀);
Veronica Anagallis-aquatica (= Veronica Anagallis ∇).
Recommendations.
VIII.
The specific name should, in general,
give some indication of the appearance, the
characters, the origin,
the history or the properties of the species.
If taken from the name of a
person, it usually recalls the name of the one
who discovered or described it, or was in some way
concerned with it.
IX.
Names of men and women and also names of countries and localities
used as
specific names, may be substantives in the genitive
(Clusii, saharae) or adjectives
(Clusianus, dahuricus).
It will be well, in the future, to avoid the use of the genitive
and the adjectival form of the same
name to designate
two different species of the same genus: for example
Lysimachia Hemslyana
Maxim. (1891) and
L. Hemsleyi Franch. (1895).
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X.
Specific names begin with a small letter except those
which are taken from names of
persons (substantives or adjectives)
or those which are taken from generic names (substantives or adjectives).
Examples:
Ficus indica,
Circaea lutetiana,
Brassica Napus,
Lythrum Hyssopifolia,
Aster novi-
belgii,
Malva Tournefortiana,
Phyteuma Halleri.
XI.
When a specific name is taken from the name of a man,
it is formed in the follow-
ing way:
a)
When the name ends in a vowel, the letter
i is added (thus
Glazioui from Glaziou;
Bureaui from Bureau), except when the name ends in
a, when
e is added (thus
Balansae from Balansa).
b)
When the name ends in a consonant, the letters
ii are added (thus
Magnusii from
Magnus;
Ramondii from Ramond), except when the word ends in
er when
i is added (ex.
Kerneri,
from Kerner).
c)
Syllables which are not modified by these endings
retain their original spelling, even in
the case
of the consonants k and w or groupings of vowels
which are not used in classic latin. Letters
foreign to the latin of botanists should be transcribed,
and diacritic signs suppressed. The german
ä, ö, ü, become ae, oe, ue,
the french é, è and ê become, in general, e.
d)
When specific names taken from the name of a person
have an adjectival form a similar
plan is adopted
(Geranium Robertianum,
Verbena Hasslerana, etc.).
XII.
The same applies to the names of women.
These are written in the feminine
when
they have a substantival form.
Example: Cypripedium Hookerae, Rosa Beatricis, Scabiosa Olgae, Omphalodes Luciliae.
XIII.
In the formation of specific names composed of two or several roots
and taken from
latin or greek, the vowel placed between the two roots
becomes a connecting vowel, in latin
i, in greek
o;
thus we write
menthifolia,
salviifolia, not
menthaefolia,
salviaefolia.
When the second root begins
with a vowel and euphony demands,
the connecting vowel is eliminated (e. g.
calliantha,
lepidantha).
The connecting
ae is legitimate only when etymology demands (e. g.
caricaeformis from
Carica, may
be retained along with
cariciformis from
Carex).
XIV. In forming specific names, botanists will do well to note the following recommendations:
a) Avoid very long names and those which are difficult to pronounce.
b) Avoid names which express a character common to all or nearly all the species of a genus.
c)
Avoid names taken from little known or very restricted localities,
unless the species
be very local.
d)
Avoid, in the same genus, names which are very much alike,
especially those which
differ only in their last letters.
e)
Adopt unpublished names found in travellers’ notes and in herbaria,
attributing them to
the authors concerned, only when those concerned have
approved the publication.
f)
Avoid names which have been used before in the genus, or in any
closely allied genus,
and which have lapsed into synonymy (homonyms).
g)
Do not name a species after a person who has neither discovered,
nor described, nor
figured, nor in any way studied it.
h) Avoid specific names formed of two words.
i) Avoid names which have the same meaning as the generic name.
Art. 27.
Two species of the same genus cannot bear the same specific name,
but the same specific name may be given in several genera.
Example:
Arabis spathulata DC. and
Lepidium spathulatum Phil. are valid as two names
of Crucifers; but
Arabis spathulata Nutt. in Torr. and Gray
cannot be maintained, on account of the
existence of
Arabis spathulata DC., a name previously given to another valid species of
Arabis.
Art. 28.
Names of subspecies and varieties are formed like
specific names
and follow them in order,
beginning with those of the highest rank.
The same holds
for subvarieties, forms, and slight or transient modifications of wild plants which
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receive a name or numbers or letters to facilitate
their arrangement. Use of a
binary nomenclature
for subdivisions of species is not admissible.
Examples:
Andropogon ternatus subsp.
macrothrix (not
Andropogon macrothrix or
Andropogon
ternatus subsp.
A. macrothrix);
Herniaria hirsuta var.
diandra (not
Herniaria diandra or
Herniaria
hirsuta var.
H. diandra); forma
nanus, forma
maculatum.
Recommendation.
XV.
Recommendations made for specific names apply equally to
names of subdivisions of
species.
These agree with the generic name when they have an
adjectival form
(Thymus Serpyllum
var.
angustifolius,
Ranunculus acris subsp.
Friesianus).
XV bis.
Special forms are named preferably after the host species;
if desired double
names may be used.
Examples:
Puccinia Hieracii f. sp.
villosi,
Pucciniastrum Epilobii f. sp.
Abieti-
Chamaenerii.
Art. 29.
Two subspecies of the same species cannot have the same name.
A given name can only be used once for a variety of a given species,
even when
dealing with varieties which are classed
under different subspecies.
The same holds
for subvarieties and forms.
On the other hand the same name may be employed for subdivisions
of
different species, and the subdivisions of any one species
may bear the same name
as other species.
Examples.
–
The following are admissible:
Rosa Jundzillii var.
leioclada and
Rosa glutinosa
var.
leioclada; Viola tricolor var.
hirta,
in spite of the existence already of a different species named
Viola hirta.
The following are incorrect:
Erysimum hieraciifolium subsp.
strictum var.
longisiliquum
and
E. hieraciifolium subsp.
pannonicum var.
longisiliquum – a form of nomenclature which allows
two varieties bearing the same name in the same species.
Recommendation.
XVI.
Botanists are recommended to use as little as possible
the privilege granted in the
second part of article 29,
in order to avoid confusion and mistakes and also to reduce
to a minimum
the necessary changes of name
when the subdivisions of species are raised to specific rank
or
vice versa.
Art. 30.
Forms and half-breeds among cultivated plants
should receive fancy
names, in common language, as different
as possible from the latin names of the
species or varieties.
When they can be traced back to a species, a subspecies or
a
botanical variety this is indicated by a succession of names.
Example:
Pelargonium zonale Mrs. Pollock.
§ 5. Names of hybrids and half-breeds (mules).
Art. 31.
Hybrids between species of the same genus, or presumably so,
are
designated by a formula and,
whenever it seems useful or necessary, by a name.
The formula consists of the names or specific epithets
of the two parents in
alphabetical order and connected
by the sign ×. When the hybrid is of known
experimental origin the formula may be made more precise
by the addition of the
signs ♀, ♂.
The name, which is subject to the same rules as names
of species, is distin-
guished from the latter
by absence of an ordinal number and by the sign × before
the name.
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Examples:
×
Salix capreola =
Salix aurita ×
caprea;
Digitalis lutea
♀ ×
purpurea ♂;
Digitalis lutea ♂ ×
purpurea ♀.
Art. 32.
Intergeneric hybrids (between species of different genera)
or pre-
sumably such, are also designated by a formula, and,
when it seems useful or necessary,
by a name.
The formula consists of the names of the two parents, in alphabetical order.
The hybrid is associated with the one of the two genera
which precedes the
other in alphabetical order.
The name is preceded by the sign ×.
Example: × Ammophila baltica = Ammophila arenaria × Calamagrostis epigeios.
Art. 33.
Ternary hybrids, or those of a higher order,
are designated like
ordinary hybrids by a formula and a name.
Example:
×
Salix Straehleri =
S. aurea ×
cinerea ×
repens or
S. (aurita × repens)
×
cinerea.
Art. 34.
When there is reason to distinguish the different forms
of a hybrid
(pleomorphic hybrids, combinations between
different forms of collective species etc.)
the subdivisions are classed under the hybrid
like the subdivisions of species under
a species.
Examples:
×
Mentha villosa β Lamarckii (=
M. longifolia ×
rotundifolia).
The prepon-
derance of the characters of one or other parent
may be indicated in the formulas in the following
manner:
Mentha longifolia > ×
rotundifolia,
M. longifolia × <
rotundifolia,
Cirsium supercanum
×
rivulare, etc. etc.
The participation of a particular variety
may also be indicated.
Example:
Salix caprea ×
daphnoides var.
pulchra.
Recommendation.
XVII.
Half-breeds, or presumably such, may be designated by a name
and a formula.
Names of half-breeds are intercalated
among the subdivisions of a species preceded by the sign ×.
In the formula the names of the parents are in alphabetical order.
Section 4. The publication of names and the date of each name or
combination of names.
Art. 35.
Publication is effected by the sale or public distribution
of printed
matter or indelible autographs.
Communication of new names at a public meeting,
or the placing of names
in collections or gardens
open to the public, do not constitute publication.
Examples.
–
Effective publication without printed matter:
Salvia oxyodon Webb and Heldr.
was published
in July 1850 in an autograph catalogue and put on sale
(Webb and Heldreich,
Cata-
logus plantarum hispanicarum, etc.
ab A. Blanco lectarum,
Parisiis, Jul. 1850 in folio).
–
Non-effective
publication at a public meeting:
Cusson announced his establishment of the genus
Physospermum
in a memoir read at the Société des Sciences de
Montpellier in 1773, and later in 1782 or 1783 at
the Sociétè de Médecine
de Paris, but its effective publication dates from 1787, in the
Mémoires
de la Soc. Roy. de Médicine de Paris, vol. V,
1re partie.
Art. 36.
On and after January 1, 1908, the publication of names
of new
groups of recent plants will be valid
only when they are accompanied by a latin
diagnosis.
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Art. 36 bis.
On and after January 1, 1912, the publication of names
of new
groups of fossil plants will be valid
only when they are accompanied by a latin
diagnosis
and by illustrations or figures showing the essential characters
of the
object in question.
Art. 37.
A species or a subdivision of a species,
announced in a work, with
a complete specific or varietal name,
but without diagnosis or reference to a former
description under another name, is not valid. Citation in synonymy or incidental
mention of a name is not effective publication,
and the same applies to the
mention
of a name on a ticket issued with a dried plant
without printed or autographed diagnosis.
Plates accompanied with analyses are equivalent
to a description; but this
applies only to plates
published before January 1, 1908.
Examples. – The following are valid publications: Onobrychis eubrychidea Boiss. Fl. or. II,
546 (1872) published with description;
Panax nossibiensis Drake in Grandidier
Hist. Phys. Nat. et
Polit. de Madagascar,
Vol. XXXV, t. V, III, 5e part., pl. 406 (1896),
published in the form of a
plate with analyses; Cynanchum nivale Nym. Syll. fl. Eur. 108 (1854–1855) published with a
reference to
Vincetoxicum nivale Boiss. et Heldr.
previously described.
Hieracium Flahaultianum
Arv.-Touv. et Gaut.,
published in an exsiccata accompanied by a printed diagnosis
(Hieraciotheca
gallica, nos. 935–942, 1903).
–
The following are not valid:
Sciadophyllum heterotrichum Decaisne
et Planch. in
Rev. Hortic., ser. IV, III, 107 (1854),
published without description or reference to a
previous description under another name;
Ornithogalum undulatum Hort. Berol. ex Kunth
Enum. pl.
IV, 348 (1843), quoted as a synonym of
Myogalum Boucheanum Kunth l. c.,
the name adopted by
the author,
is not a valid publication; when transferred to
Ornithogalum, this species must be called
Ornithogalum Boucheanum Aschers. in
Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. XVI, 192 (1866);
Erythrina micropteryx
Poepp.
quoted as a synonym of
Micropteryx Poeppigiana Walp. in
Linnaea XXIII, 740 (1850) is not
a valid publication;
the species in question, when placed in the genus
Erythrina must be called
Erythrina Poeppigiana O. F. Cook in
U. S. Dep. Agr. Bull. n° 25, p. 57 (1901);
Nepeta Sieheana
Hausskn.
which appears without diagnosis in an exsiccata (W. Siehe,
Bot. Reise nach Cicilien, n° 521,
1896), is not valid.
Art. 38.
A genus or any other
group of higher rank than a species,
named
or announced without being characterised conformably
to article 37 cannot be regarded
as effectively published
(nomen nudum). The mere indication of species as belonging
to a new genus or of genera as belonging to a higher group,
does not allow us to
accept the genus or group in question
as characterised and effectively published.
An
exception is made in the case of the generic names
mentioned by Linnaeus in the
Species Plantarum ed. 1, 1753,
names which we associate with the descriptions in
the
Genera Plantarum ed. 5, 1754 (See article
19).
Examples.
–
The following are valid publications:
Carphalea Juss.
Gen. Pl. 198 (1789),
published with a description;
Thuspeinanta Dur.
Ind. Gen. Phaner., p. X (1888),
published with a
reference to the genus
Tapeinanthus Boiss. previously described;
Stipa L.
Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 78 (1753),
valid because accompanied by a description in the
Genera Plantarum ed. 5, n° 84 (1754).
–
The
following are not valid:
Egeria Neraud
(Bot. Voy. Freycinet, 28 (1826),
published without diagnosis
or reference to a description
previously made under another name;
Acosmus Desv. mentioned inci-
dentally as a synonym of the genus
Aspicarpa Rich. by De Candolle
(Prodr. 1, 583 [1824]);
Zatarhend
Forsk.
Fl. Aeg. Arab., p. CXV (1775),
based only on the enumeration of
three species of the genus
Ocimum without indication of characters.
Art. 39.
The date of a name or of a combination of names
is that of their
effective publication.
In the absence of proof to the contrary,
the date placed on the
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work containing the name or combination of names
is regarded as correct.
On and
after January 1st, 1908, the date of publication
of the latin diagnosis only can be
taken into account in questions of priority
in the case of recent plants;
in the case
of fossil plants,
on and after January
1st, 1912, it is the date of
simultaneous publi-
cation of the latin diagnosis
and a figure.
Examples.
–
Mentha foliicoma Opiz
was distributed by its author in 1832,
but the name
dates from 1882 (published by Déséglise
Menth. Op. in
Bull. soc. étud. scient. Angers, 1881–1882,
210):
Mentha bracteolata Op.
Seznam, 65 (1852) without description, takes effect only from 1882,
when it was published with a description (Déséglise 1.
c., 211).
There is some reason for
supposing
that the first volume of Adanson’s
Familles des Plantes was published in 1762,
but in
absence of certainty the date 1763
on the title-page is assumed to be correct.
The different parts of
Willdenow’s
Species Plantarum were published as follows:
vol. I, 1798;
vol. II, 2, 1800;
vol. III, 1,
1801;
vol. III, 2, 1803;
vol. III, 3, 1804;
vol. IV, 2, 1806;
and not in the years 1797, 1799, 1800,
1800, 1800 and 1805 respectively,
as would appear from the title-page of the volumes:
it is the
earlier series of dates which takes effect.
–
The third volume of the
Prodromus florae hispanicae
of Willkomm & Lange,
the title-page of which bears the date 1880,
was published in four parts,
pp. 1–240 in 1874,
pp. 241–512 in 1877,
pp. 513–736 in 1878,
p. 737 to the end in 1880,
and
it is these dates which take effect.
Recommendations.
Botanists will do well, in publishing,
to conform to the following
recommendations:
XVIII.
Not to publish a name without clearly indicating whether
it is the name of a
family or a tribe, a genus or a section,
a species or a variety; briefly, without expressing an opinion
on the nature of the group to which they give the name.
XVIII bis.
When publishing names of new groups to indicate carefully
the subdivision
which is regarded as the type of the group:
the typical genus in a family, the typical species in a
genus,
the typical variety or specimen in a species. This precaution
will obviate difficulties of
nomenclature if at some future time
the group in question becomes broken up.
XIX.
To avoid publishing or mentioning in their publications
unpublished names which
they do not accept,
especially if the persons responsible for these names
have not formally authorised
their publication
(see Rec. XIV,
e).
XX.
When publishing
names
of new
groups
in works written in a modern language (floras,
catalogues etc.)
to publish simultaneously the latin diagnoses
and in palaeobotany also the figures,
which will make the names valid
from the point of view of scientific nomenclature.
XX bis.
In view of the special difficulties presented by the
identification of fossil plants,
to give,
in addition to the latin diagnosis a detailed description
in french, english, german or italian.
XX ter.
In describing new groups of lower Cryptogams,
especially among the Fungi or
microscopic plants,
to add to the description a figure or figures of the plants,
with details of
microscopic structure,
as an aid to identification.
XX quat.
The description of parasitic plants
should always be followed by the indication
of the hosts,
especially in the case of parasitic fungi.
The hosts should be designated by their
latin scientific names
and not by popular names in modern languages,
the signification of which is
often doubtful.
XXI.
To give the etymology of new generic names and also specific names
when the
meaning of the latter is not obvious.
XXII.
To indicate precisely the date of publication of their works and
that of the placing
on sale or the distribution of named and
numbered plants when these are accompanied by printed
diagnoses. In the case of a work appearing in parts,
the last published sheet of the volume should
indicate
the precise dates at which the different fascicles or parts of
the volume were published, as
well as the number of
pages in each.
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XXIII.
When works are published in periodicals to require the editor
to indicate on the
separate copies the date (year and month)
of publication and also the title of the periodical from
which the work is extracted.
XXIV.
Separate copies should always bear the pagination
of the periodical of which they
form a part;
if desired they may also bear a special pagination.
Section 5. On the precision to be given to names by the citation
of the author who first published them.
Art. 40.
For the indication of the name or names of a group
to be accurate
and complete, and in order
that the date may be readily verified, it is necessary to
quote the author who first published the name
or combination of names in question.
Examples:
Simarubaceae Lindley,
Simaruba Aublet,
Simaruba laevis Grisebach,
Simaruba
amara Aublet var.
opaca Engler.
Art. 41.
An alteration of the constituent characters
or of the circumscription
of a group
does not warrant the quotation of another author
than the one who first
published the name or combination of names.
When the changes have been considerable,
the words:
mutatis charact., or
pro parte, or
excl. gen.,
excl. sp.,
excl. var.,
or some other abridged indication, are
added
after the citation of the original author,
according to the nature of the changes
that have been made,
and of the group in question.
Examples:
Phyllanthus L. em. (emendavit) Müll. Arg.;
Myosotis L. pro parte, R. Br.;
Globularia cordifolia L. excl. var.
β.; etc.
Art.
42.
When a manuscript name has been published
and referred to its
author, the name of the person
who published it should be appended to the citation.
The same rule should be followed for names of garden origin
when they are cited
as „Hort“.
Examples:
Capparis lasiantha R. Br. ex or apud DC.;
Streptanthus heterophyllus Nutt. in
Torr. et Gray;
Gesnera Donklarii Hort. ex or apud Hook.
Bot. Mag. tab. 5070.
Art. 43.
When, in a genus, a name is applied to a group
which is moved
into another group
where it retains the same rank, or to a group which becomes of
higher or lower rank than before, the change is equivalent
to the creation of a new
group and the author
who has effected the change is the one to be quoted.
The
original author can be cited only in parenthesis.
Examples.
–
Cheiranthus tristis L. when moved into the genus
Matthiola becomes
Matthiola
tristis R. Br., or
Matthiola tristis (L.) R. Br.
–
Medicago polymorpha L. var.
orbicularis L. when
raised to the rank of a species becomes
Medicago orbicularis All. or
Medicago orbicularis (L.) All.
Recommendations.
XXV. Authors’ names put after names of plants are abbreviated, unless they are very short.
For this purpose preliminary particles
or letters that do not, strictly speaking,
form part
of the name, are suppressed,
and the first letters are given without any omission.
If a name of one
syllable is long enough
to make it worth while to abridge it,
the first consonants only are given
(Br. for Brown); if the name has two or more syllables,
the first syllable and the first letter of
the
following one are taken,
or the two first when both are consonants
(Juss. for Jussieu;
Rich. for
Richard). When it is necessary
to give more of a name to avoid confusion
between names beginning
with the same syllables,
the same system is to be followed.
For instance two syllables are given
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together with the one or two first consonants of the third;
or one of the last characteristic consonants
of the name is added
(Bertol. for Bertoloni, to distinguish from Bertero;
Michx for Michaux, to
distinguish from Micheli).
Christian names or accessory designations,
serving to distinguish two
botanists of the same name,
or abridged in the same way
(Adr. Juss. for Adrien de Jussieu,
Gaertn.
fil. or Gaertn. f. for Gaertner filius).
When it is a well established custom
to abridge a name in another manner,
it is best to
conform to it
(L. for Linnaeus,
DC. for De Candolle,
St.-Hil. for Saint-Hilaire).
In publications destined for the general public and in titles it is preferable not to abridge.
XXV bis.
The citation in parenthesis of the original author
is especially useful in the
absence of synonymy or
when the latter is a long one.
In palaeobotany the custom is always to
cite
in parenthesis the original author of the epithet of a species or
of a subdivision of a transferred
species.
XXV ter.
The citation of authors earlier than the starting point of
the nomenclature of a
group, is indicated when considered
useful or desirable, preferably between brackets or by the use
of the word
ex. This method is especially applicable in mycology
when reference is made to
authors earlier than Fries or Persoon.
Examples:
Lupinus [Tournef.
Inst. 392, t. 213 (1719)]
Linn.
Sp. ed. 1,
721 (1753) and
Gen. ed. 4, 332, or
Lupinus Tourn. ex L.
–
Boletus piperatus [Bull
Hist. Champ. Fr. 318, t. 451 f. 2 (1791–1812)] Fries
Syst. Myc. I, 388 (1821), or
Boletus piperatus
Bull. ex Fries.
Section 6. On names that are to be retained when a group is divided,
remodelled, transferred, or moved from one rank to another, or when two groups
of the same rank are united, or in dealing with groups which have a pleo-
Art.
44.
A change of characters, or a revision which involves
the exclusion
of certain elements of a group or the addition
of new elements, does not warrant
a change in the name
or names of a group, except in cases provided for in
article 51.
Examples.
–
The genus
Myosotis as revised by R. Brown differs
from the original genus of
Linnaeus,
but the name has not been changed,
nor is any change allowable.
Various authors have
united with
Centaurea Jacea L. one or two species
which Linnaeus had kept distinct,
the group thus
constituted must be called
Centaurea Jacea L. (sensu ampl.) or
Centaurea Jacea L. (em. Visiani, em.
Godron, etc.);
the creation of a new name such as
Centaurea vulgaris Godr. is superfluous.
Art. 45.
When a genus is divided into two or more genera,
the name must
be kept and given to one of the principal
divisions. If the genus contains a section
or some other division which, judging by its name or its species,
is the type or the
origin of the group, the name is reserved
for that part of it. If there is no such
section
or subdivision, but one of the parts detached contains a great many more
species than the others, the name is reserved for that part of it.
Examples.
–
The genus
Helianthemum contained, according to Dunal (in DC.
Prodr. 1.
266–284 [1824]),
112 well-known species distributed in nine sections,
several of these sections have
since been raised to generic rank
(Fumana Spach,
Tuberaria Spach) but the name
Helianthemum has
been kept for the divisions grouped round the section
Euhelianthemum.
–
The genus
Convolvulus
L. em. Jacq.
was divided into two by Robert Brown in 1810
(Prodr. fl. Nov. Holl., pp. 482–484),
who gave the name
Calystegia to one of the genera
which at that time contained only four species,
and reserved the name
Convolvulus for the other genus which contained
a much larger number of
species.
–
In the same way Salisbury (in
Trans. Linn. Soc. VI, 317 [1802]), in separating
Erica
vulgaris L. from the genus
Erica, under the name
Calluna, kept the name
Erica for the large
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number of species left.
–
The genus
Aesculus
L. contains the sections
Eu-Aesculus, Pavia (Poir.),
Macrothyrsus (Spach) and
Calothyrsus (Spach),
the last three of which were regarded
as distinct
genera
by their respective authors.
In the event of these genera
being retained the name
Aesculus
must be kept for the species
Aesculus Hippocastanum L.
as this is undoubtedly the type
of the genus
founded by Linnaeus
(Sp. pl. ed. 1, 344),
as is seen by a comparison with Linnaeus,
Hort. Cliff.
142,
and early editions of the
Gen. pl. (ed. 1, 310; ed. 2, 367);
Tournefort’s name
Hippocastanum
must not be used as was done by
Gaertner (Fruct. ii. 135).
Art. 46.
When two or more groups of the same nature are united
the
name of the oldest is retained.
If the names are of the same date, the author
chooses,
and his choice cannot be modified by subsequent authors.
Examples.
–
Hooker f. and Thomson
(Fl. Ind. 67 [1855]) united the genera
Wormia
Rottb. and
Capellia Bl.; they gave the name
Wormia to the genus thus formed
because the last
name dates from 1783 while
Capellia dates from 1825.
–
In case of union of the two genera
Cardamine and
Dentaria, which were founded at the same time by Linnaeus
(Sp.
pl. ed. 1, 653
and 654 [1753];
Gen. Pl. ed. 5, n. 726, 727) the collective genus must be called
Cardamine because
that name was chosen by Crantz
(Class. Crucif., 126 [1769],
who was the first to suggest the
union.
–
H. Hallier (in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. XVIII, 123)
united the three species of
Ipomoea,
I. verticillata
Forsk. (1775),
I. rumicifolia Choisy (1834) and
I. Perrottetii Choisy (1845);
the species is still called
I. verticillata Forsk.
as Forskal’s name is the earliest.
– Swartz
(Prodr. 16)
described two species
of
Piper,
P. glabellum and
P. scandens which he subsequently
(Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 68) regarded
as con-
specific, choosing the name
P. glabellum, this name therefore and not
P. scandens
must be used for
the combination.
Recommendations.
XXVI.
Authors who have to choose between two generic names
should note the following
recommendations:
1.
Of two names of the same date to prefer the one
which was first accompanied by the
description
of a species.
2.
Of two names of the same date, both accompanied
by descriptions of species, to prefer
the one,
which, when the author made his choice,
included the larger number of species.
3.
In cases of equality from these various points of view
to prefer the more correct and
appropriate name.
XXVII.
When several genera are united as subgenera or sections
under one generic
name, that subdivision
which was first distinguished or described
may retain its name (ex.:
Anar-
rhinum sect.
Anarrhinum;
Hemigenia sect.
Hemigenia), or be preceded by a prefix
(Anthriscus sect.
Eu-Anthriscus) or followed by a suffix
(Stachys sect.
Stachyotypus). These prefixes or suffixes lapse
when the subdivisions are raised to generic rank.
XXVIII.
When several species are united as subspecies
or varieties under a collective
name,
that subdivision which was first distinguished or described
may retain its name (ex.:
Saxifraga
aspera subsp.
aspera) or bear a prefix
(Alchemilla alpina subsp.
eu-alpina)
or be designated by some
customary title
(normalis,
genuinus,
typicus,
originarius,
verus,
veridicus etc.). These prefixes or
terms lapse
when the subdivisions are raised to specific rank.
Art. 47.
When a species or subdivision of a species
is divided into two
or more groups of the same nature,
if one of the two forms was distinguished or
described earlier
than the other, the name is retained for that form.
Examples.
–
Genista horrida DC.
Fl. Franc. IV. 500 was divided by Spach (in
Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. 3, II., 253 [1844]) into three species:
G. horrida DC.,
G.Boissieri Spach and
G. Webbii
Spach; the name
G. horrida was rightly kept for the earliest described form,
that described and
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figured by Vahl and Gilibert.
–
Several species
(Primula cashmiriana Munro,
P. erosa Wall.) have
been separated from
Primula denticulata Sm.
(Exot. Bot. II, 109, tab. 114), but the name
P. denticulata
has been rightly kept for the form which
Smith described and figured under this name.
Art. 48.
When a subgenus or section or
species is moved into another
genus, when
a variety or other division of a species is
moved into another species,
retaining there the same rank,
the original name of the subgenus or section, the first
specific epithet, or the original name of the division of the species
must be retained
or must be re-established, unless,
in the new position there exists one of the obstacles
indicated in the articles of section 7.
Examples.
–
The subgenus
Alfredia Less.
(Syn. p. 6, 1832) of the genus
Rhaponticum
keeps its name when placed in the genus
Carduus:
Carduus sect.
Alfredia Benth. et Hook. fil.;
the
section
Vaccaria DC. of the genus
Saponaria keeps its name when placed in the genus
Gypsophila:
Gypsophila sect.
Vaccaria Gren. et Godr.
–
Lotus siliquosus L.
Syst. ed. 10. p. 1178 (1759) when
transferred to the genus
Tetragonolobus must be called
Tetragonolobus siliquosus Roth
Tent. Fl. germ.
I. 323 (1788) and not
Tetragonolobus Scandalida Scop.
Fl. Cam. ed. 2, II, 87 (1772).
–
Betula incana
L.
Suppl. p. 417 (1781) when transferred to the genus
Alnus must be called
Alnus incana Willd.
Sp. Pl. IV, 335 (1805), not
Alnus lanuginosa Gilib.
Exerc. Phytol. II, 402 (1792).
–
Satyrium nigrum
L.
Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 944 (1753), when placed in the genus
Nigritella must be called
Nigritella nigra
Reichb. f.
Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. XIV, 102 (1851), not
Nigritella angustifolia Rich. in
Mém. Mus.
Par. IV, 56 (1818).
–
The variety
γ micranthum Gren. et Godr.
(Fl. France, I, 171 [1847]) of
Helianthemum italicum Pers., when transferred as a variety to
H. penicillatum Thib. retains its name:
H. penicillatum var.
α micranthum Grosser (in Engl.
Pflanzenreich, Heft 14, p. 115 [1903]).
–
The
variety
subcarnosa Hook. fil.
(Bot. Antarct. Voy. I, 5 [1847]) of
Cardamine hirsuta L.,
when trans-
ferred as a variety to
C. glacialis DC., retains its name:
C. glacialis var.
subcarnosa O. E. Schulz
(in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. XXXII, 542 [1903]);
the citation of an earlier synonym
(Cardamine propinqua
Carmichael in
Trans. Linn. Soc. XII, 507 [1818])
has no influence on the choice of the name of
the variety
(see art. 49).
In all these cases, older but incorrect combinations
must give place to
more recent combinations
in which the rule has been observed.
Art. 49.
When a tribe becomes a family,
a subgenus or a section becomes
a genus,
a subdivision of a species becomes a species,
or the reverse of these changes
takes place,
and speaking generally when a group changes its rank,
the earliest name
(or combination of names) received by
the group in its new position must be regarded
as valid,
if it is in conformity with the rules,
unless there exist any of the obstacles
indicated in
the articles of section 7.
Examples.
–
The section
Campanopsis R. Br.
Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl., 561 (1810) of the
genus
Campanula, was first raised to generic rank by Schrader,
and must be called
Wahlenbergia
Schrad.
Cat. Hort. Goett. (1814) not
Campanopsis O. Kuntze
Rev. Gen. II, 378 (1891).
–
Magnolia
virginiana L. var.
foetida L.
Sp.
pl. ed. 1, p. 536 (1753),
raised to specific rank, must be called
Mag-
nolia grandiflora L.
Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1082 (1759) not
Magnolia foetida Sarg. in
Gard. and For.
II, 615 (1889).
–
Mentha spicata L. var.
viridis L. Sp.
pl., ed. 1, 576 (1753) was raised
to the
rank of a species by Hudson, and must be called
Mentha spicata Huds.
Fl. angl. ed. 1, p. 221
(1762) not
Mentha viridis L.
Sp.
pl., ed. 2, 804 (1763).
–
Lythrum intermedium Ledeb.
(Ind. Hort.
Dorp. [1822]), regarded as a variety of
L. Salicaria L., must be called
L. Salicaria var.
gracilis Turcz.
(in
Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XVII, 235 [1844]), not
L. Salicaria var. intermedium Koehne (in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. I, 327 [1881]).
In all these cases names which are in accordance with the old law of
Alphonse de Candolle must give place to older names and combinations.
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Recommendations.
Authors who make the changes discussed in article 49 should note
the following recommendations in order to avoid a change of name
in case of a change of rank:
XXIX.
1º.
When a sub-tribe becomes a tribe,
when a tribe becomes a subfamily,
when
a subfamily becomes a family, etc.,
or when the inverse changes occur,
do not alter the root of a
name but only the termination
(-inae,
-eae,
-oideae,
-aceae,
-ineae,
-ales, etc.), unless, in the new position,
one of the obstacles indicated in the articles of section 7, supervenes,
or the new designation becomes
a source of error,
or there is some other serious reason against it.
2º.
When a section or a subgenus becomes a genus,
or the inverse changes take place,
retain the old names,
unless this results in two genera of plants having the same name,
or the
existence of two subdivisions of the same name in the same genus,
or one of the obstacles indicated
in the articles of section 7 supervenes.
3º.
When a subdivision of a species becomes a species
or the inverse change occurs, retain
the original epithets,
unless this results in two species bearing the same name in the same genus,
or
two subdivisions bearing the same name in the same species,
or unless any of the obstacles indicated
in section 7 supervenes.
Art. 49 bis.
Among Fungi with a pleomorphic life-cycle
the different successive
states of the same species
(anamorphoses, status) can bear only one generic and
specific name
(binomial) that is the earliest which has been given,
starting from Fries,
Systema, or Persoon,
Synopsis, to the state containing the form which it has been
agreed to call the perfect form, provided that the name
is otherwise in conformity
with the rules.
The perfect state is that which ends in the ascus stage in the
Asco-
mycetes, in the basidium in the Basidiomycetes,
in the teleutospore or its equivalent
in the Uredinales,
and in the spore in the Ustilaginales.
Generic and specific names given to other states have only
a temporary
value. They cannot replace a generic name
already existing and applying to one or
more species,
any one of which contains the “perfect“ form.
The nomenclature of Fungi which have not
a pleomorphic life-cycle follows
the ordinary rules.
Examples.
–
The names
Aecidium Pers.,
Caeoma Link and
Uredo Pers. designate different
states
(aecidiosporic with or without pseudoperidium, uredosporic)
in the group
Uredinales. The generic
name
Melampsora Cast.
[Obs. II, 18 (1843)], applied to a genus which
is defined by means of the
teleutospores,
cannot therefore be replaced by the name
Uredo Pers. [in Römer
Neu. Mag. I, 93
(1794)] since the name
Uredo is already used to designate a state.
–
Among the Dothideaceae
(Ascomycetes) a species of the genus
Phyllachora Nitschke,
P. Trifolii (Pers.) Fuck.
Symb. 217
1869–70) has an older synonym,
Polythrincium Trifolii G. Kunze
Myk. Heft. I, 13, t. 1 f. 8 (1817)
based on the conidial state of this species. The name
Polythrincium cannot displace that of
Phyllachora
because it represents an inferior state.
–
The name
Phoma Fries emend. Desm.
has been given to a
group of Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycetes),
several members of which have beenrecognised
as the
spermogonial state of species of the genus
Diaporthe (Valsaceae, Ascomycetes): thus
Phoma Ailanthi
Sacc. belongs to
Diaporthe Ailanthi Sacc.,
Phoma alnea (Nitschke) Sacc. to
Diaporthe alnea Fuck.,
Phoma detrusa (Fries) Fuck. to
Diaporthe detrusa Sacc. etc.
But the perfect state of many species
of the ‘genus’
Phoma is not known and
in some cases probably does not exist.
Hence the practical
necessity for retaining the name
Phoma to designate the group
of Fungi Imperfecti in question.
Section 7. On names that are to be rejected, changed or modified.
Art. 50.
No one is authorised to reject, change or modify a name
(or com-
bination of names) because it is badly chosen,
or disagreeable, or another is pre-
ferable or better known,
or because of the existence of an earlier homonym which
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is universally regarded as non-valid, or for any other motive
either contestable or of
little import. (See also
art. 57.)
Examples.
–
This rule was broken by the change of
Staphylea to
Staphylis,
Tamus to
Thamnos,
Mentha to
Minthe,
Tillaea to
Tillia,
Vincetoxicum to
Alexitoxicon; and by the change of
Orobanche
Rapum to
O. sarothamnophyta,
O. Columbariae to
O. columbarihaerens,
O. Artemisiae to
O. artemisi-
epiphyta.
All these modifications (which are contrary to Art. 50)
must be rejected.
–
The name
Diplomorpha Meissn. in
Regensb. Denkschr. III, 289 (1841)
must not be substituted for the generic
name
Wickstroemia
Endl.
Prodr. fl. Norfolk., 47 (1833) because of the earlier homonyms
Wi(c)k-
stroemia Schrad.
Goett. gel. Anz., 710 (1821) and
Wi(c)kstroemia Spreng. in
Vet. Akad. Handl.
Stockh. 1821, 167, t. 3,
for the former is merely a synonym of the genus
Laplacea Kunth (1821)
and the latter of a subdivision of the genus
Eupatorium L. (1753).
Recommendations.
See on the subject of homonyms recommendations
V
b and
XIV
f
which suggest that cases of this kind
should be avoided for the future.
Art. 51. Everyone should refuse to admit a name in the following cases:
1.
When the name is applied in the plant kingdom to a group
which has
an earlier valid name.
2.
When it duplicates the name of a class, order, family or genus,
or a sub-
division or species of the same genus,
or
a subdivision of the same species.
3. When it is based on a monstrosity.
4.
When the group which it designates embraces elements
altogether in-
coherent, or when
it becomes a permanent source of confusion or error.
5. When it is contrary to the rules of sections 4 and 6.
Examples.
–
1°.
Carelia Adans. (1763) is a name which was applied by its
author to a genus
which had already received a valid name
(Ageratum L. [1753])
(synonym); similarly
Trichilia alata
N. E. Brown (in
Kew Bull. 1896, 160)
is a name which cannot be maintained because it is a
synonym of
T. pterophylla C. DC. (in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 581 [1894]).
–
2°.
Tapeinanthus,
a name
given by Boissier to a genus of Labiatae was replaced by
Thuspeinanta by Th. Durand, because
of the existence of an earlier and valid genus,
Tapeinanthus Herb. among the Amaryllidaceae;
(homonym).
Similarly
Astragalus rhizanthus Boiss.
(Diagn. Pl. Or. ser. 1, II, 83 [1843]) was renamed
A. cariensis Boiss. because of the existence of an earlier valid homonym,
Astragalus rhizanthus Royle
Illustr. Bot. Himal. p. 200 (1835). – 4º. The genus Uropedium Lindl. was based on a monstrosity
which is now referred to
Phragmopedilum caudatum Rolfe.
–
5°. The genus
Schrebera L. derives its
characters from the two genera
Cuscuta and
Myrica (parasite and host) and must be dropped;
and
the same applies to
Lemairea De Vr. which is made up of elements taken
from different families.
Linnaeus described under the name of
Rosa villosa a plant which has been referred
to several diffe-
rent species and of which
certain identification seems impossible; to avoid the confusion
which results
from the use of the name
Rosa villosa, it is preferable in this case,
as in other analogous cases, to
abandon the name altogether.
Art. 52.
The name of an order, suborder, family or subfamily,
tribe or sub‐
tribe, must be changed when it is taken
from a genus which, by general consent,
does not belong
to the group in question.
Examples.
–
If it were to be shown that the genus
Portulaca does not belong to the family
Portulacaceae, the name
Portulacaceae would have to be changed.
–
Nees (in Hooker and Arnott,
Bot. Beechey’s Voy. 237 [1836]) gave the name
Tristegineae to a tribe of Gramineae, after the genus
Tristegis Nees (a synonym of the genus
Melinis Beauv.). But
Melinis
(Tristegis) having been excluded
from this tribe by Stapf (in
Fl. Cap. VII, 313) and by Hackel (in
Oesterr. bot. Zeitschr. LI, 464),
these authors have adopted the name
Arundinelleae from the genus
Arundinella.
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Art. 53.
When a subgenus, a section or a subsection,
passes as such into
another genus,
the name must be changed if there is already, in that genus,
a valid
group of the same rank, under the same name.
When a species is moved from one genus into another, its specific epithet
must be changed if it is already borne by a valid species of that genus.
Similarly
when a subspecies, a variety, or some other subdivision of a
species is placed under
another species, its name must be changed if borne
already by a valid form of like
rank in that species.
Examples.
–
Spartium biflorum Desf. (1798–1800)
when transferred by Spach in 1849 to
the genus
Cytisus could not be called
Cytisus biflorus, but was renamed
Cytisus Fontanesii;
because
of the previous existence of a valid species
Cytisus biflorus L’Hérit. (1789).
The earliest synonym
of
Calochortus Nuttallii Torr. et Gray (in
Pacific Rail. Rep. II, 124 [1855–1856]) is
Fritillaria alba
Nutt.
(Gen. Amer. I, 222 [1818])
but we cannot restore the original epithet of this species,
although
this has been done in the
Notizbl. des K. bot. Gartens und Mus. Berl. II, 318 (1899),
because there
exists already a valid species in the genus with the name
Calochortus albus Dougl. in Maund
Botanist t. 98 (1839).
Art. 54. Names of genera must be rejected in the following special cases:
1.
When they
coincide with a technical term
concurrently used in morphology,
unless they are accompanied by specific names.
2. When they express uninominal nomenclature.
3.
When they are formed of two words,
unless these two words were from
the first united
or joined by a hyphen.
Examples.
–
1º. Generic names such as
Lignum,
Radix,
Spina,
Radicula etc. would not now be
admissible; on the other hand a generic name like
Tuber should not be rejected when it has been published
with specific names
(Tuber cibarium etc.).
–
2º. Ehrhart
(Phytophylacium [1780] and
Beiträg. IV,
145–150)
made use of a uninominal nomenclature for species
known at that time under binary
names
(Phaeocephalum,
Leptostachys, etc.).
These names, which resemble generic names,
must not be
confused with such and are to be rejected,
unless a subsequent author has given them the value of
a generic name: for example
Baeothryon, a uninominal expression of Ehrhart’s,
has been applied to
a genus characterised by A. Dietrich
Spec. Pl. II, 89 (1833).
–
3º. Names like
Quisqualis (a single
word from the first),
Sebastiano-Schaueria and
Neves-Armondia will stand.
Art. 55. Specific names must also be rejected in the following special cases:
1º. When they are ordinals serving for purpose of enumeration.
2º. When they merely repeat the generic name.
Examples.
– 1º.
Boletus vicesimus sextus,
Agaricus octogesimus nonus.
– 2º.
Linaria Linaria,
Raphanistrum Raphanistrum etc.
Art. 56.
In the cases foreseen in articles
51 to
56,
the name to be rejected
or changed is replaced by the
oldest valid name in the group in question, and in
default
of such one a new name
(or new binomial) must be made.
By valid name is implied a name,
and especially a combination of names
formed in accordance
with the rules of nomenclature.
The author of a new combi-
nation may, if he wish,
borrow the specific epithet from an older non-valid binomial
(still-born name) or make use of a new one.
Examples.
–
Linum Radiola L. (1753) when placed in the genus
Radiola must be called
Radiola linoides Roth (1788); the earlier synonym
Linum multiflorum Lamk. (1778) cannot be con-
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sidered as this combination is contrary to
art. 51, 1º of the Rules.
–
Peucedanum Silaus L. (1753)
when placed in the genus
Silaus must be called
Silaus flavescens Bernh. (1800); the earlier synonym
Seseli selinoides Jacq. (1762)
cannot be considered as this combination is contrary to
art. 48 of the
Rules.
–
Polypodium montanum Vogl. (1781) non Lamk (1778) =
P. Oreopteris Ehrh. ex Willd.
(1789), when placed in the genus
Dryopteris must be called
D. Oreopteris Max.; the earlier synonym
Polypodium montanum Vogl. cannot be considered as
this combination is contrary to the Rules
art. 51, 2º.
It is true that
P. montanum Lamk has been transferred later to the genus
Cystopteris
[C. montana (Lamk) Desv.] but the genus
Cystopteris dates only from the year 1806; Ehrhart could
therefore neither forsee nor take account of it.
–
See also
the examples cited under
articles 51
and 53.
Art. 57.
The original spelling of a name must be retained,
except in case
of a typographic or orthographic error.
When the difference between two names,
especially two generic names, lies in the termination,
these names are to be regarded
as distinct
even though differing by one letter only.
Examples: Rubia and Rubus, Monochaete and Monochaetum, Pepoma and Peponium, Iria and Iris.
Recommendations.
XXX.
The liberty of making orthographic corrections
must be used with reserve,
especially
if the change affects the first syllable,
and above all the first letter of a name.
XXXI.
Many names differ by a single letter
without risk of confusion (ex.
Durvillea and
Urvillea). In cases where a close approach
to identity is a source of error (ex.
Astrostemma and
Asterostemma in one and the same family,
Asclepiadaceae,
Pleuripetalum and
Pleuropetalum in
Or-
chidaceae) only one, the older,
of the names should be kept, in accordance with article
51, 4°.
Chapter IV. Modification of the rules of botanical nomenclature.
Art. 58.
The rules of botanical nomenclature can only
be modified by com‐
petent persons
at an international Congress convened for the express purpose.
Appendix. Various recommendations.
XXXII.
Botanists should use in modern languages latin scientific names
or those immediately
derived from them, preferably to names
of another kind or origin. They should avoid the use of
the latter unless these are very clear and in common use.
XXXIII.
Every friend of science should oppose the introduction
into a modern language
of names of plants
which are not already there, unless they are derived
from latin botanical names
by means of some slight alteration.
XXXIV.
The metric system only is used in botany for reckoning weights
and measures.
The foot, inch, line, pound, ounce etc.
should be rigorously excluded from scientific language.
Altitude, depth, rapidity etc. are measured in metres.
Fathoms, knots, miles etc. are ex-
pressions which
should disappear from scientific language.
XXXV.
Very minute dimensions are reckoned in
μ (micromillimetres, microns,
or thou-
sandths of a millimetre)
and not in fractions of a millimetre or line etc.;
fractions encumbered with
ciphers and commas
are more likely to give rise to mistakes.
XXXVI.
Authors are asked to indicate clearly and precisely
the scale of the figures
which they publish.
XXXVII. Temperatures are expressed in degrees of the centigrade thermometer of Celsius.
XXXVIII.
It is of the utmost importance that the original specimens
on which are based
the descriptions of new groups
should be preserved. In the case of microscopic Cryptogams,
the
preparations and original drawings should be preserved;
and in the case of fleshy fungi, watercolour
sketches
and specimens suitably prepared or dried, etc.
——————
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